2021/2022 Annual Report on European SMEs – June 2022

Since early 2020, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the 23 million EU-27 SMEs, and more generally, SMEs throughout the world, have faced unprecedented economic uncertainty and turmoil. Moreover, through part of 2021, SMEs faced difficulties in hiring new staff to meet an unexpectedly strong rebound in demand, while also having to deal with sharp and […]

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LE Europe HE Fees and Funding Options in Ireland

London Economics’ sister company, LE Europe, as part of the AARC Consortium (incorporating AARC, LE Europe and Indecon) were commissioned by the European Commission’s Directorate-General for Structural Reform Support (DG REFORM) to provide an analysis of the sustainability of higher education (HE) and further education and training (FET) in Ireland. The project’s general objective was […]

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Best Practices and Performance of Auto-enrolment Mechanisms for Pension Savings – December 2021

Automatic enrolment (also referred to as auto-enrolment) is a mechanism that encourages pension saving by enrolling individuals into a pension scheme unless they actively choose to opt-out. This study identifies and evaluates 32 best practices for the design of auto-enrolment pension schemes, informed by an in-depth qualitative and quantitative assessment of pension schemes in selected […]

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Exporting to the World: EU Regions and Trade Explores the Impact of International Exports on Regional Employment and Production of Goods and Services Across the EU – December 2021

The report outlines worldwide trends in international trade and global value chains as well as briefly discusses the impact of COVID-19. It reviews how exports contribute to the growth of the EU economy, provides detailed analysis reflecting the diversity of EU regions and puts forward a number of recommendations for action at local, national and […]

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Research into the Current Elasticity Coefficients of Postal Products Within Belgium – April 2021

LE Europe worked with WIK-Consult and BIPT, the Belgian communications sector regulator,  on research into the current elasticity coefficients of postal products within the Belgian context. The BIPT communication and accompanying LE Europe and WIK-Consult reports are available here.

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Study on Territorial Supply Constraints in the EU Retail Sector – November 2020

The study, commissioned by the EC Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs and carried out by VVA Economics & Policy and LE Europe presents the results of a fact-finding mission on the effects of Territorial Supply Constraints (TSCs) on the Single Market as announced in the 2018 Communication A European retail sector fit […]

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2018/2019 SME Annual Report – Research & Development and Innovation by SMEs – November 2019

The annual report, prepared on a yearly basis as part of the SME Performance Review, provides a synopsis of the size, structure and importance of SMEs to the European economy and an overview of the past and forecasted performance of SMEs from 2008 to 2021. Comparisons with partner countries outside the EU and with the […]

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Accompanying Study to the EUROPEAN SME INNOVATION ASSOCIATE – PILOT ACTION – November 2019

The study undertaken by a consortium comprising CARSA, Ramboll, LE Europe, DIW Econ and Ecorys evaluates the functioning and impact of the pilot of the European SME Innovation Associate program. LE Europe estimated the scale of the program that would be required to address the skills gap currently faced by EU SMEs undertaking innovation activities […]

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GNSS Market Report Issue 6 – October 2019

The GNSS market report is a comprehensive source of knowledge and information on the dynamic, global GNSS market. The report is published every two years, with the latest edition released in 2019. The report provides comprehensive, in-depth analysis of global trends, and the latest developments in terms of shipments, revenues and the installed base of […]

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Pre-contractual Information in Retail Energy Markets – Experimental Consumer Research – October 2018

The European Commission commissioned LE Europe, Deloitte and Ipsos to study pre-contractual information in retail energy markets. The study used desk research, stakeholder consultations, a consumer survey and a behavioural experiment to understand consumers’ decision-making, attitudes and switching behaviour, and how to improve clarity and comparability in energy prices, consumption and contractual information. The study […]

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2017/2018 SME Annual Report – SME Growing Beyond Borders – November 2018

The annual report, prepared on a yearly basis as part of the SME Performance Review, provides a synopsis of the size, structure and importance of SMEs to the European economy and an overview of the past and forecasted performance of SMEs from 2008 to 2020. Comparisons with partner countries outside the EU and with the […]

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Online Market Segmentation – Experimental Consumer Research and Economic Valuation – August 2018

The European Commission commissioned LE Europe, Deloitte and Ipsos to study online personalised pricing and offers and targeted advertising. The study used desk research, stakeholder consultations, mystery shopping, a consumer survey and a behavioural experiment to understand how e-commerce websites use consumers’ personal information, and consumers’ attitudes and behaviour when faced with personalisation online. The […]

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Annual Report on European SMEs 2016/17 – Focus on Self-employment and Companion Working Paper – November 2017

The annual report, prepared on a yearly basis, provides a synopsis of the size, structure and importance of SMEs to the European economy and an overview of the past and forecasted performance of SMEs from 2008 to 2018. Comparisons with partner countries outside the EU and with the large enterprise sector are also included. The […]

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Consumer Vulnerability Across Key Markets in the EU: Animated Infographic – November 2016

Following the publication of LE Europes’ study into consumer vulnerability across the EU for DG Justice and Consumers, the European Commission has released an animated infographic which presents the key findings of the study, including the varying impact of vulnerability drivers across key markets.

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IPID Consumer Testing and Design Work – August 2016

EIOPA commissioned a consortium consisting of LE Europe, Ipsos MORI and Academy Design Partners to undertake consumer testing on the design of a standardised presentation format of an Insurance Product Information Document (IPID). The findings of the consumer testing, as presented in this report, were intended to assist EIOPA to reach a view on the […]

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Study on the Coverage, Functioning and Consumer Use of Comparison Tools and Third-party Verification Schemes for Such Tools – March 2015

The European Commission has published the study on consumers’ use of comparison tools. As part of the study London Economics completed a behavioural experiment in 15 EU countries that investigated consumer understanding and use comparison tools. The study forms part of the evidence base used by the Commission to develop, together with stakeholders, a series […]

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Study on the Functioning of the Consumer Credit Markets in the European Union – May 2014

The study assesses the degree to which Consumer Credit Directive (CCD) fulfilled its principal objectives, namely: a) fostering an internal credit market in the EU, with a positive impact, in particular on cross­border competition; and, b) providing a high level of protection of consumers regarding consumer credits. The study focuses on the impact of the […]

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Voluntary Food Labelling Schemes Study

This market study for the European Commission included a pan-European behavioural experiment to test consumer willingness to pay for products associated with voluntary food labelling schemes. The study also included a web sweep of voluntary food labelling scheme in Europe, a consumer survey and assessment of schemes performance with the requirements of the 2010 Commission […]

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The Economic and Societal Benefits Deriving from the Presence of Hyundai and Kia in Europe (update)

London Economics published updated figures on the contribution of Hyundai and Kia to the European economy. The key findings are: Almost 317,000 people owe their jobs to the presence of Hyundai and Kia in the European Union Hyundai and Kia contributed €2.1 billion in taxes and duties to European governments in 2012 The majority of […]

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2012/2013 Annual Report on European SMEs

The 2012/13 report on European SMEs was prepared by a consortium comprising CARSA, DIW, DIW econ, Innova, London Economics, Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (University of Manchester) and PwC Luxembourg. The report provides an overview of the size, structure and importance of SMEs to the European economy and their contribution to growth and jobs, as emphasised in the Small […]

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The Cost of Non-Europe: the Untapped Potential of the European Single Market

While the growth-creating potential of the Single Market has long been recognised, evidence on the remaining untapped potential of the Single Market (where such potential lies, how much additional growth it could deliver, and which policy measures would help unlock it) was largely missing. London Economics, in association with PwC, were commissioned by the European […]

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Implications of the European Commission’s Proposal for a General Data Protection Regulation for Business

Uncertainty about the final shape of the new EU Data Protection Regulation does not mask one fact – they will change how every organisation has to deal with personal information and the cost base and risk factors involved. Whether through the impact of new consent requirements or the need to employ a Data Protection Officer, […]

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Barriers to Cross-border Health Care: Can Behavioural Insights Help?

Presentation at European Commission conference on Applying Behavioural Insights to Policy-Making 30th September 2013.

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A European Single Point of Contact

This research study for the European Parliament discusses the features and value added of a European single point of contact. The large number of European level online services combined with an extensive range of services at national level generates complexity in identification of the most appropriate services, and in understanding their different competencies. Such complexity […]

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Study on the Impact of Directive 2007/64/EC on Payment Services in the Internal Market and on the Application of Regulation (EC) No. 924/2009 on Cross-border Payments in the Community

The study, undertaken with iff and PaySys, examines the effects of Directive 2007/64/EC on payment services in the internal market (PSD) and Regulation (EC) No 924/2009 on fees and charges for cross-border payments (Regulation 924) and identifies a number of potential amendments to current version of the PSD.  The report is based on four different […]

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Levelling the Playing Field in the Single Market

The study for the European Parliament shows that the size of the shadow economy in the EU in 2012 is estimated at approximately EUR 2.35 trillion. The shadow economy represents a threat to the Single Market, leads to substantial budgetary difficulties, puts considerable pressure on legitimate businesses, and in long run, limits the potential growth […]

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Regional Disparities in GDP Per Capita in the EU After the Financial Crisis

This London Economics’ Noteworthy Statistics Briefing investigates the level of regional disparities in per-capita income across the EU27 in 2011 and changes in such disparities following the financial crisis, using the latest data made available by Eurostat.

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Living Standards in the EU After the Financial Crisis – UK Records Among the Largest Declines

This London Economics’ Noteworthy Statistics Briefing investigates the change in living standards across the EU27 following the financial crisis, using the latest data made available by Eurostat. The analysis focuses on two measures of standards of living: the median equivalised disposable income and the severe material deprivation rate.

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The Economic and Societal Benefits of Deriving from the Presence of Hyundai and Kia in Europe

The study highlights the contribution of Hyundai and Kia, two of the most successful car manufacturers operating in Europe, in a number of dimensions, namely: the contribution to employment and GDP; training and development of the labour force; the contribution to European R&D and innovation; the contribution to the development of the automotive supply chain […]

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Research on EU Product Labelling

This study by London Economics, Ipsos MORI and AEA investigated the possibility of creating a product label which provides consumers with information about the environmental lifecycle performance of products (televisions, washing machines and light bulbs). The information may be added to the current EU Energy Efficiency label. Pan-European behavioural experiments  were used in conjunction with […]

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Analysis of Developments in the Fields of Direct Investment and M&A – 2012 Report Part I: Recent Developments

The study examines recent trends in FDI and capital movements. Overall, the recovery in world-wide FDI witnessed in 2010 continued in 2011, after the sharp decline in the period 2007-09. In 2011, the level of worldwide inward FDI reached €1.1 trillion, increasing by 10.9% from its level in 2010. However, the 2011 level is still […]

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Socio-economic Impacts – Evaluation of Norwegian Space Programs (with PwC)

An independent socio-economic impact assessment of Norway’s participation in the European Space Agency (ESA) and National Support Funds. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) was employed based on EC impact assessment guidelines, established economic principles and international best practice (e.g. UK government HM Treasury’s Green Book). Quantified additive benefits comprise wages/salaries (income tax, value added tax, retailer sales […]

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The Impact of State Guarantees on Banks’ Debt Issuing Costs, Lending and Funding Policy

This study investigates the effectiveness of state guarantee schemes and ad hoc guarantees given to banks over 2008-10. The study analyses the market value of state guarantees as reflected in the costs banks faced in raising funds on wholesale financial markets and whether state guarantees influenced the funding and (ultimately) lending behaviour of banks. The […]

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Analysis of Developments in the Fields of Direct Investment and M&A (mergers and Acquisitions) – Part I

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of developments in the fields of direct investment and M&A in 2010-11. This includes a descriptive analysis of inward and outward FDI stocks and flows (including FDI resulting from M&A activity) within the EU and between the EU and third countries, by sector, type of FDI, etc. Major factors […]

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McDonald’s Economic Footprint in Europe

This report examines McDonald’s economic footprint in Europe in terms of contribution to GDP growth, raw material sourcing, job creation and business opportunities via its franchising model. The analysis shows that McDonald’s continued to grow throughout the recession of 2007-09 and its growth has consistently exceeded EU GDP growth as well as the growth of […]

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Analysis of Developments in the Fields of Direct Investment and M&A (mergers and Acquisitions) – Part II

This report consists of three papers providing analyses of topics relevant to foreign direct investment: bilateral investment treaties, a financial transactions tax and investment screening mechanisms. Bilateral investment treaties An empirical analysis of the influence bilateral investment treaties (BITs) on the pattern of FDI flows in the EU was carried out. A gravity model of […]

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Study on Consumers’ Postal Practices and Socio-economic Needs in Terms of the Quality and Provision of the Priority Postal Service

The study focuses on the postal practices and needs of households and businesses, especially SMEs. The first part of the study examines the extent to which the postal service is important to users, the users’ knowledge of postal products, their current postal practices, their sensitivity to the time it takes for a postal product to […]

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Quality of Services and Consumers’ Needs: Recent Evidence from France

19th CPDE, CRRI, Jersey, June 2011.

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Study on the Costs and Benefits of Different Policy Options for Mortgage Credit

The costs and benefits of potential changes in the following four mortgage policy areas are considered in the study, which was published by the European Commission on 31 March 2011: pre-contractual information, the definition of the annual percentage rate of charge, early repayment and responsible lending and borrowing. The approach to assessing the costs and […]

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Competition-promoting Consumer Behaviour

The Danish Competition and Consumer Authority (DCCA) has published two reports analysing the interactions between consumer behaviour and competition in retail markets; one of which was written by London Economics. The study undertaken by London Economics analyses consumer behaviour during the purchasing processes and is based on a survey of 6,000 Danish consumers. The study […]

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Measuring Consumer Detriment from Postal Quality-Price Misperceptions in France

CCRP workshop, Aston University, Birmingham, February 2011.

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The Functioning of Retail Electricity Markets in the European Union

London Economics, in cooperation with Ipsos, IBF Consulting and CRIOC, were commissioned by the EC DG Health and Consumers (SANCO) to examine the functioning of retail electricity markets in the European Union. Based on consumer surveys, stakeholder surveys and mystery shopping exercises carried out in the 27 Member States, the study shows that, although consumers […]

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Economic and Social Impact of Software and Software-based Services (SSBS)

The study evaluates the potential economic and social impact of software-based services in the EU and identifies the drivers of growth and competitiveness of the sector, the current barriers limiting the sector’s development, the policy actions needed to remove those barriers, and the economic and social impact of such actions.  

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Study on the Economic Benefits of Privacy-enhancing Technologies (PETs)

This report for the European Commission’s DG Freedom, Security and Justice investigates the economic benefits of privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs) for data controllers, with a particular focus on SMEs. Based on consultations with data protection authorities in 12 Member States, as well as on a large-scale survey of businesses and a number of case studies detailing […]

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Study Analysing Possible Changes in the Minimum Rates and Structures of Excise Duties on Alcoholic Beverages

This report for EC DG Taxation and Customs Union considers the arguments and evidence, for and against changes to the existing minimum duty rates for alcoholic beverages that apply across all EU Member States.  The overarching objective of the study is to examine whether the current structures of alcohol taxation and the minimum rates laid […]

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Study on Consumer Detriment in the Area of Dynamic Packages

In a report published by EC DG Health and Consumers, London Economics has estimated consumer detriment in EU-27 in the area of ‘dynamic travel packages’. A ‘dynamic package’ is a holiday package where different tourist services (flights, car rental, accommodation, excursions etc.) are put together at the same time to fit the specifications of a […]

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The Importance of Wholesale Financial Services to the EU Economy 2009

This report investigates the role, structure and importance of wholesale financial services in the European Union. The specific topic for this year’s report is the EU’s wholesale finance market and its various competitors under a range of differing scenarios, such as changing demographics, the rise of Asia and emerging market economies, the impact of regulation […]

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The Evolution of the High-volume Retail Sector in Europe over the Past 5 Years

This study aims to provide a complete and detailed insight of the evolution of high-volume retailers (HVR) in the food and clothing sectors in different EU Member States. The main conclusions from the analysis are the following. The number of HVR (firms with more than 5% market share) in the food sector is around 5 […]

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An Analysis of Teacher Mobility Within the European Union

London Economics were commissioned by the European Parliament to undertake an analysis of teacher mobility within the European Union. The study undertakes a quantitative and qualitative analysis of teacher mobility across the European Union Member States where information exists. It explores the relative benefits, costs, strengths and weaknesses of the various mobility programmes. On the […]

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Analysis of Developments in the Field of Direct Investment and M&A

This study examines first the developments in international capital flows, especially FDI, in 2007. Next, as a special topic, it undertakes an in-depth quantitative analysis of the difference in economic performance between domestically-owned and foreign-owned business in Europe. The performance indicators used in the analysis are turnover, employment and profitability in levels and over the […]

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Evaluation of the CAP Policy on Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indications (PGI)

The study is based on two elements. A descriptive part provides a detailed analysis of the development of the Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indications (PGI) schemes over the course of the evaluation period, including the regulatory framework and the implementation mechanism underpinning the schemes. The second part of the project focuses […]

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Study on the Role and Regulation of Non-credit Institutions in EU Mortgage Markets

This study analyses non-credit institutions in EU Member State mortgage markets. The study identifies Member States where non-credit institutions are allowed to provide mortgage credit; provides information on the regulation and supervision of these undertakings; the funding techniques non-credit institutions are allowed to use; the size of the mortgage lending activities of non-credit institutions, both […]

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The Importance of Wholesale Financial Services to the EU Economy 2008

This report investigates the role, structure and importance of wholesale financial services in the European Union. The specific topic for this year’s report is the EU’s wholesale finance market and its various competitors under a range of differing scenarios, such as changing demographics, the rise of Asia and emerging market economies, the impact of regulation […]

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Modelling EU Electricity Market Competition Using the Residual Supply Index

This LE Working Paper reports on research undertaken by LE and others for the European Commission inquiry into the state of competition in the EU’s electricity markets. It also presents new analysis on the economic foundations of the Residual Supply Index as a market structure variable.  From 2005 to 2007

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Estimation of the Net Cost of Fulfilling Universal Service Obligations in the Telecoms Sector

This LE Economic Brief describes London Economics’ estimation of the net cost of the Universal Service Obligation in Ireland.

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Estimating the Impact of Price Regulation on Quality of Service in Post

16th CPDE, Portugal, May 2008.

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Economic Impacts of Increased Flexibility and Liberalisation in European Spectrum Management

London Economics was commissioned by a group of European communications sector companies to carry out an independent review of the available evidence examining the costs and benefits of greater flexibility in the use of radio spectrum. This report sets out the findings of that review and is based on existing studies that examine the actual […]

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Study on the Impact of Co-operative Groups on the Competitiveness of Their Craft and Small Enterprise Members

London Economics were commissioned by EC DG Enterprise and Industry to undertake an in-depth study on the impact of co-operative groups on the competitiveness of their craft and small enterprise members. The analysis undertaken was based on extensive identification of both co-operatives and their members across the European Union; primary data collection of information on […]

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Determinants of Prices and Margins in the EU’s Major Electricity Markets

European Global Energy Symposium, Lisbon, October 9, 2007.

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Consolidation in Electricity Markets in CEE: The Case of Hungary

Gas and Power in Central & Eastern Europe Conference, Vienna, July 5-6, 2007.

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Gaming in the EU – The Case for State Lotteries

4th Congress of the European State Lottery and Toto Association, Budapest, May 21-24, 2007.

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Impact Assessment Relating to the Economic and Governance Evolution of Space in Europe

London Economics were one of the contributors to this RPA led study for the European Commission’s DG Enterprise & Industry. The research reviewed the market for space and space related services, including the development of a number of demand scenarios, and also reviewed the roles of the key public sector actors and undertook an analysis […]

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Structure and Performance of Six European Wholesale Electricity Markets in 2003, 2004, and 2005

The report provides an in-depth assessment of the electricity wholesale markets in Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, the Netherlands and Great Britain with a view to determining how competitive markets were in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The report provides summary key results for traditional market structural indicators, electricity-specific measures of market structure and market outcome measures. […]

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Impact Assessment of Implementing the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)

This Economic Bried reports on an econometric assessment London Economics has carried out of the likely trade impacts of adoption of the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS).

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Investment and the Regulatory Framework

IDATE Foundation Seminar “Reviewing the Review”, Montpellier, November 14, 2006.

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The Impact of the Regulatory Framework on Investment Across the EU

Conference: Improving the Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications: Challenges for the Next Decade organised by CBKE (Uniwersity of Wrocław), CIL (Hungarian Academy of Sciences), WIK, and under the auspices of the Polish regulator UKE, University of Wroclaw, October 18-20, 2006.

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The Case for State Lotteries

The report provides a comprehensive overview of the gaming market in the EU25 and assesses the likely impact of full liberalisation of gaming activities on lotteries and good causes funded by lotteries. The report also reviews the wider socio-economic effects of gaming.

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Study on the Economic Impact of Auditors’ Liability Regimes

This study focuses on the market for statutory audits of large companies in Europe. It reviews first the state of the international market for audit firms in the EU. Next, it examines the insurance market for statutory audits. It then examines the likely short-run and long-run effects of the possible disappearance of one or more of […]

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E-communications Investment in the EU

This Brief summarises research undertaken by London Economics for the European Commission. The research provides first data on investments in the electronic communications markets in the EU Member States and analyses sources of differences across Member States, sectors and competitors (incumbent versus new entrants). It also provides a comparative analysis of growth of the electronic […]

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The EU Car Market Under the New BER

This Brief summarises our report for DG Competition and reviews market developments in automotive retailing and after-sales sectors following the entry into force of the Regulation No. 1400/2002 (the Block Exemption Regulation or, simply BER), the new EC regulation covering distribution and after sales services of new motor vehicles in the EU.

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An Assessment of the Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications – Growth and Investment in the EU E-Communications Sector

The study provides first data on investments in the electronic communications markets in the EU Member States and analyses sources of differences across Member States, sectors and competitors (incumbent versus new entrants).  Next, provides a comparative analysis of growth of the electronic communications sector in the EU and in other main geographical markets.  Finally, it […]

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Developments in Car Retailing and After-sales Markets Under Regulation 1400/2002

This report reviews market developments in automotive retailing and after-sales sectors following the entry into force of the Regulation No. 1400/2002 (the Block Exemption Regulation or, simply BER), the new EC regulation covering distribution and after sales services of new motor vehicles in the EU. The report focuses on the competition implications of the new […]

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Making the Best Use of Resources

“Returns to various types of investment in education and training” in Brussels, Belgium. May 22-23, 2006.

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Impact of the Regulatory Framework on Investment Across Europe – an Update

Münchner Kreis Conference – “The Effectiveness of Electronic Communications Sector Regulation in Europe”, Brussels, May 7, 2007.

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Impact Assessment of Implementing GHS (Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals) – Trade Effects

In July 2003, the Globally Harmonised System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) was formally adopted by the UN ECOSOC. Its aim is to bring together the major world classification and labelling (C&L) systems of chemicals (substances and preparations/mixtures) into a single new system. This part of the impact assessment provides empirical evidence on […]

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Study on the Returns to Various Types of Investment in Education and Training

London Economics were commissioned to undertake a large-scale project for the EU Directorate General for Education, Arts and Culture on the rates of returns to the investment necessary to achieve the Lisbon educational targets using the European Labour Force Survey. The study computed the private and social costs of achieving the Lisbon targets for different […]

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Rescue and Restructuring State Aid

This Workign Paper examines the survival of companies having received rescue or restructuring State aid in the EU. The analysis is based on a newly constructed dataset on the awards of State aid that were approved individually by the Commission between 1995 and 2003.

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The Costs and Benefits of Integration of EU Mortgage Markets

London Economics was commissioned by the European Commission – DG Internal Market and Services to study the costs and benefits of new initiatives that would lead to the full integration of markets for residential mortgages and home loans in the 25 EU Member States. The report estimates these costs and benefits and also assesses the […]

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Estimation of Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Quality of Service in Post

13th Conference on Postal and Delivery Economics in Antwerp, Belgium. June 1-4, 2005.

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Structure and Functioning of the Electricity Market in Belgium in a European Perspective

London Economics was commissioned by the General Council of the “Commission fédérale de Régulation de l’Electricité et du Gaz” (CREG) to analyse whether, and to what extent, the current federal regulation makes the markets for production, trading and supply of electricity competitive or potentially competitive and, if not, what remedies could be implemented. The report […]

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Ex-post Evaluation of the Impact of Rescue and Restructuring Aid on the International Competitiveness of the Sector(s) Affected by Such Aid

London Economics was commissioned by the European Commission – DG Enterprise to evaluate the impact of rescue and restructuring aid on the international competitiveness on the sectors affected by such aid. This ex-post evaluation focuses on the survival of companies having received rescue and/or restructuring State aid, the social and economic effects of such aid […]

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Assessing the Key Economic Drivers for Change in the Current Business Climate

European Outsourcing Association’s Conference. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. June 9-10, 2004.

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Empirical Analysis of Further Liberalisation in Norway

12th Conference on Postal and Delivery Economics. Cork, Ireland. June 2-5, 2004.

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Internet Use by Businesses in Old and New EU Member Countries

TIGER Conference The New Economy and Post-Socialist Transition. Warsaw, April 10-11, 2004.

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Overview of EU25 Securities Trading, Clearing, Central Counterparties, and Securities Settlement

The report for the European Commission – DG Competition provides a pan-European overview of trading, clearing and central counterparties, settlement, and custody, of equity, corporate and government bonds, and the related infrastructures (exchanges, clearing institutions and central counterparties, central securities depositories and international central securities depositories at primary level and international central securities depositories and […]

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Study of the Consequences of Further Liberalisation of the Postal Market in Norway

This Report for the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications provides consultancy advice on the consequences of further liberalisation of the postal market in Norway. The study evaluates the impact of postal liberalisation, based on qualitative analysis and quantitative modelling. Under each of the models, we assess the impacts on liberation across various scenarios, ranging […]

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Financial Markets and the Funding of Enterprises in the European Union: What Future?

This report uses scenarios to explore the future landscape of the financial services industry in the European Union. The question posed is whether the structure of business finance will shift towards greater reliance on capital markets, equity and bonds, and away from bank finance. After reviewing the key factors that drove change in the nineties, […]

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Assessment of Restrictions in the Supply of Professional Services

The London Economics/Indecon report analyses competition and restrictions in eight professions in 3 sectors: engineers and architects, medical practitioners, veterinary surgeons, dentists and optometrists in the medical sector and solicitors and barristers in the legal sector. The report notes that three types of restrictions are common across the eight professions. These are restrictions on entry […]

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Study on a Methodology for Identifying Sectors with Serious Structural Problems

London Economics was commissioned by DG Competition state aid II to develop a general methodology to be used by EC officials to draw up an initial “List of sectors” where serious structural problems prevail. In the report we set out an analytical framework that reviews various aspects (sales, output, employment) of an industry when the […]

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Quantification of the Macro-Economic Impact of Integration of EU Financial Markets – Executive Summary

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Quantification of the Macro-Economic Impact of Integration of EU Financial Markets

“Financial Market Integration and Economic Growth: Quantifying the Effects”. European Commission. Brussels, Belgium. 19 February, 2003.

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European Integration and Productivity: Exploring the Gains of the Single Market

This paper uses a variety of panel data techniques to argue that the European Single Market Programme significantly increased productivity in a number of European countries. In particular, as a result of the Programme, industry productivity increased considerably in 1992 and 1993 in France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and in the UK.

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The Economic and Societal Contribution of Hyundai and Kia in Europe – October 2017

This report provides a quantification of the economic and societal benefits deriving from the presence of Hyundai and Kia in Europe. The report draws on the most up-to-date data on the operations of Hyundai and Kia in Europe, as well as official and industry data sources. The focus of the report is on the direct […]

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